A way towards port automation: challenges and implications
Abstract
The ongoing transformation of maritime transportation towards autonomous and remotely controlled ships is fueled by technological advancements like Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Internet of Things, sensors, and robotics, coupled with the integration of 5G and other communication technologies. While the emphasis on port automation precedes that of autonomous ships, the prevailing trend in technology-driven industries has spurred ports to embrace innovations, leading to a growing inclination towards various forms of automation. Some terminals are purposefully designed and constructed as automated terminals, while existing terminals are also undergoing transformations to become semi- or fully automated. Despite the success of a few ports and terminals in implementing automation, such instances remain relatively scarce on a global scale. The knowledge derived from these endeavors is crucial for the overall enhancement of the port sector, providing insights to effectively address associated challenges. In light of this, the current study adopts an inductive research methodology, specifically grounded theory, to develop a case study centered around Busan Port to shed light on the unique challenges encountered while navigating this transformative landscape. As the largest container port in the Republic of Korea and a significant hub port in the East Asian region, the challenges associated with port automation in Busan primarily revolve around human resources and technology. Notably, most terminals in Busan are far from addressing futuristic challenges such as environmental sustainability and the facilitation of autonomous ships.